Self-Strengthening Reform, 1902-11

What were the self-strengthening reforms?

These were a series of education, monetary, military, political and commercial reforms. They aimed at modernising China through learning and copying Western methods, and technology from the countries with a presence in China.

Who introduced the self-strengthening reforms?

The reforms were introduced by Empress Dowager Cixi.

When were the self-strengthening reforms introduced?

The reforms were introduced over a number of years, between 1902 and 1911.

Why were the self-strengthening reforms introduced?

Cixi introduced the reforms for 3 main reasons:

• ❖ She needed to secure her dynasty following the embarrassment and consequences of the Boxer Uprising.
• ❖ As foreigners were even stronger in China, Cixi decided to use their knowledge to help her advance her country.
• ❖ Little progress had been made in the late 1800s and Cixi needed to take quick action to improve her dynasty's reputation.

What changes did the self-strengthening reforms introduce?

There were 7 key changes which occurred during the reforms:

• ❖ 1902: Foot binding was banned.
• ❖ 1905: Traditional examinations for civil service positions were removed in an attempt to improve diversity in the sector, which was traditionally heavily Mandarin.
• ❖ 1908: A new army was established.
• ❖ 1909: Provisional assemblies were introduced.
• ❖ 1910-11: National Consultative Council established to help advise the government.
• ❖ Educational reforms were introduced, with more opportunities for military service and international scholarships.
• ❖ The railways were nationalised to offer more consistency and control in transportation.